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The anode still faces limitations or challenges, however, in meeting the need for high-energy density because of the low theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh g-1). Silicon (4,200 mAh g−1) is one of the more promising anodes, but it has unavoidable volume expansion and poor thermal stability. Both silicon suboxide (SiOx, 0 < x < 2) and silicon composites have also been tried, but with marginal success. To solve the underlying technical issue, bare lithium metal has recently been revived as an ideal electrode due to its high theoretical capacity (3,860 mAh g−1), low redox potential (- 3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode), and low density (0.534 g cm−3). Lithium metal is essential for the solid-state battery.

The use of solid electrolyte is a primary technique to overcome safety issues. This configuration minimizes any side reactions and eliminates the explosion risk derived from the organic electrolyte. To reach the commercial-level, sulfide-based argyrodite-type electrolyte with the chemical formula Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br, I) needs further enhancement Spain phone number list of its operational stability against moisture to suppress hydrogen sulfide evolution. The ionic conductivity of argyrodite-type solid-electrolyte was estimated to be around 10–3 S cm−1. Such a value is comparable to that of the typical organic carbonate-based liquid electrolytes.



Also, cost-effective batteries non-lithium batteries, are alternatively based on technologies beyond lithium-ion, such as sodium-ion, zinc-ion, and potassium-ion batteries. A resources and soaring prices for Li-ion batteries would accelerate research to find a new cell chemistry. Just recently, the lithium-ion battery market has rapidly increased, so lithium has reached a high price. More environmentally friendly storage systems are also needed to meet our requirements. Consumption of lithium resources is proportional to market requirements.